| | During pregnancy, the body undergoes a myriad of changes to support the growing baby, including alterations to the immune system. Understanding the dynamics of white blood cells and their assessment in the routine complete blood count (CBC) is essential for monitoring maternal health and ensuring a successful and healthy pregnancy and birth outcome. |
Total White Blood Cell Count (WBC) Test
The total white blood cell count (WBC) measures the total amount of WBC found in the blood sample. It is found in the Complete Blood Count (CBC) panel. This panel can be run with or without a differential.
The WBC count is a valuable tool in assessing maternal health. Levels that are too high or too low may indicate disfunction and may be a predictive factor for complications.
WBCs are also known as leukocytes. These cells are part of the immune system and help to fight infections and inflammation.
The major types of white blood cells include:
- Neutrophils: The most abundant type of white blood cell, neutrophils are phagocytes, meaning they engulf and digest bacteria and other microorganisms.
- Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes are a critical component of the adaptive immune system. They include B cells, which produce antibodies, and T cells, which play a role in cell-mediated immunity.
- Monocytes: Monocytes are another type of phagocyte that circulates in the bloodstream before differentiating into macrophages when they migrate into tissues. Macrophages are essential for clearing away cellular debris and pathogens.
- Eosinophils: Eosinophils are primarily involved in defending against parasitic infections and allergic reactions. They release toxic substances to destroy parasites.
- Basophils: Basophils are involved in the inflammatory response and the release of histamines, which are important in allergic reactions and inflammation.
White Blood Cells in Pregnancy
During pregnancy hormonal shifts drive an increase in the overall production of white blood cells, but with a shift in differential.Studies have shown that WBCs help with placental development and maintenance of the maternal - fetal tolerance.
The upper reference range for WBC is elevated by 36%, which is primarily driven by a sharp rise in neutrophils and monocyte production, and a sharp decrease in lymphocytes production. WBC counts peak in the third trimester, just before delivery, and again during childbirth. This is thought to be part of the body's preparation for potential infection during childbirth.
Neutrophils increase by 55%. Chemotaxis, the ability of neutrophils to migrate toward sites of infection or inflammation, may be somewhat impaired during pregnancy. This adaptation helps prevent an overly aggressive immune response to the developing fetus. This change is primarily driven by progesterone. Progesterone also reduces NETosis. NETosis is the process by which neutrophils release web-like structures that trap pathogens.
There is a decrease in lymphocyte production of 36%. This helps to protect the placenta and fetus from immune system attacks, as they are foreign cells. These levels are decreased through the second trimester and increase again during the third trimester in preparation for childbirth.Pregnancy induces a shift in the immune response, favoring a type 2 helper T cell (Th2) response. This shift is thought to support the maintenance of pregnancy. Th2 responses are associated with antibody production and tissue repair.
Monocytes increase by approximately 38%. Serum monocyte levels remain elevated until 20 weeks, and then decrease slightly in the third trimester. It is normal for there to be a slight increase in the proinflammatory pattern in pregnancy. Macrophages can be found in the maternal-fetal interface. Macrophages play a positive role in embryo implantation, placental formation, embryonic development, and delivery processes.Dendritic cells play a critical immuno-modulating role in pregnancy, which requires the maternal immune system to tolerate the fetus and at the same time to maintain adequate defense against pathogens
There is a mild suppression of eosinophil production in pregnancy, but it should not be suppressed below normal ranges. This suppression can make it difficult to identify parasite infections in pregnancy and may reduce the immune system response to parasites.
During pregnancy basophil levels slightly decrease and return to normal 4-6 weeks postpartum. This decrease should not be evident in the blood work.
The overall immune response during pregnancy is shifted towards a state of immune tolerance, allowing the maternal immune system to coexist with the semi-allogeneic fetus. This balance is essential to prevent the rejection of the fetus as a foreign entity. However, the altered immune response can render pregnant individuals more susceptible to some infections.
High White Blood Cell Counts in Pregnancy
Studies have shown that a total WBC >10.0 × 10^9/L in the first trimester is associated with an increased risk of developing late onset preeclampsia. The risk of preeclampsia in those with a mild increase of the normal pregnancy range is most likely not a predictive marker. Better studies should be conducted with great variation in group ranges.
An elevated WBC >10.0 × 10^9/L in the first trimester increases the risk of miscarriage, preterm delivery, and PPROM.
Elevated lymphocytes are associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and implantation failure. This may be seen in those with repeated failed IVF transfers.
Most Common Causes of High WBC in Pregnancy
- Acute Infection
- Acute Allergic Reaction
- Intestinal Parasites/Gut Pathogens
- General Inflammation
- Oxidative Stress
- Adrenal Hyperfunction
- Polycythemia
- Iron Overload/Hemochromatosis
- Sedentary Lifestyle
- Irregular Sleep Patterns
- Mycotoxin Exposure
- Dehydration
- Physical Trauma
- Autoimmune Disease
- Certain Medications
- Environmental Toxin Exposure
Low White Blood Cell Counts in Pregnancy
Low WBC (<9× 10^9/L), low neutrophil count, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio are decreased in women with Cholestasis in the third trimester.
Lymphocytopenia is a normal presentation in pregnancy. Levels that are excessively low, or below normal ranges can increase the risk of infections in pregnancy.
Most Common Causes of Low WBC in Pregnancy
- Autoimmune Disease
- Chronic Infections
- Chronic Inflammation
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Adrenal Hypofunction
- Antibiotic Use
- Advanced Maternal Age
- Excessive Exercise
- Chronic Toxin Exposure
- Nutritional Deficiencies (Vitamin B6, Vitamin B9, Vitamin B12, Copper, Zinc, Selenium, Vitamin C, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin K
- Hypothyroidism
- Genetics
What to Know More....
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Medical Disclaimer:
This content is for educational purposes only and is intended for licensed medical professionals. It is based on current research, subject to change, and not intended to diagnose, treat, or prevent any medical condition. This information does not replace consultation with a qualified healthcare provider. Seek professional medical evaluation and treatment from a licensed provider. Use of this information is at your own risk.
